Meaning: not easy to; struggling to; not able to; can’t seem to~
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How to use |
examples |
Translation |
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なかなか |
+ |
Verb negative |
カゼがなかなか治らない。 |
I can't seem to
shake of this cold. |
Translate the following using ときいた
1. This
meeting just won't seem to end.
2. Because
I drank coffee a little while ago, I can't seem to fall asleep.
Answer
1.
この会議はなかなか終わらない。
2.
さっきコーヒーを飲んだせいで、なかなか寝られません。
Meaning: I heard….
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How to use |
examples |
Translation |
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Short form |
+ |
ときいた |
この映画が面白いと聞いたことがあります。 |
I heard that this
movie is interesting. |
Exercises
Translate the following using ときいた
1. I
heard that he will be coming back.
2. I've
heard that is a very nice town.
Answer
1. 彼が帰ってくると聞いた。
2. とても良い街だと聞いたことがあります。
Meaning: among other things; such as; so on, like, whether
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How to use |
examples |
Translation |
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Verb dictionary |
+ |
とか |
やるとかやらないとかは後から決めて下さい。 |
You can decide
whether you will do it or not and so on later. |
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Noun |
私はおすしとかラーメンとか日本料理が好きです。 |
I love Japanese
food, like sushi, ramen, etc. |
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Adjective |
アパートは汚いとか寒いとか文句ばかり言っていた。 |
He kept complaining,
saying things like that apartment was dirty or too cold and so on. |
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Exercises
Translate the following using とか
1. I
would love to eat sweet things such as ice cream or cake.
2. You
should work out every day, even just 5 to 10 minutes is OK.
Answer
1.
アイスクリームとかケーキとかが食べたい。
2.
毎日、5分(ふん)とか、10分とかでもいいので、運動をしたほうがいいですよ。
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parallel marker;
particle used to list items |
と |
や |
か |
とか |
など |
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Usage |
Indicates an
all-inclusive list " and" |
Lists examples "for example"
"such as" "among others" |
Indicates alternatives "or" |
Lists examples
"for example" "such as" "among others" |
Lists examples
"for example" "such as" "among others" |
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Connect Nouns |
Connect Nouns |
Connect Nouns |
You can follow the verb after [とか] |
You can follow the verb after [とか] |
·
ながらwhile;
during; as; to do two things simultaneously; (emphasizing the more 2 or more actions going at the same time)
·
あいだ
means while; during a certain period of time,～something happened.（All the time that A took place B was also
happening.）
雨が降っている間に本を読んだ(I read my book while it was raining)
·
あいだに The nuance is that B
is an event that occurred (started & finished) at some point during the
period A took place.
EX.雨が降っている間にポストが配達されました(While it was raining the post
was delivered.)。）
Note: If you want to use
[あいだ]
as a simultaneous action, you should use Te-form+いる
Examples:
私は あるいている あいだ/あるきながら（While
walking)/ コーヒーを のむ。
I drink coffee
while walking
They are Reverse Conditions
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のに In Spite of/even though |
Actual
Reverse Conditions: |
毎日歌を練習しているのに、歌が上手になりません。 |
Even
though I practice singing every day, I'm not good at singing. |
Verb
(casual form) |
+のに |
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Noun +
な |
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な-adjective + な |
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い-adjective |
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ても Even if |
Hypothetical
Reverse Conditions: |
明日は雨が降っても、試合をします |
We
will have a match tomorrow even if it rains |
Verb (て form) |
+も |
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Noun +
で |
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な-adjective +で |
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い-adjective + いくて |
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Actual
Reverse Conditions: |
辞書で調べても、わかりません。 |
I
can't find it even though I look it up in the dictionary. |
※「が・けど・けれど・けれども:
But or However：Actual
Reverse
になる/くなる and にする/くする are both used to indicate change in Japanese.
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Use 【になる】to indicate change condition or state |
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A noun becomes another noun: |
わたし は せんせいになる |
I become a teacher |
(noun)は/ が (noun) になる |
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A noun changes state/
condition:
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へや が しずかになった
|
the room became quiet.
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(noun) は/ が (なadjective
) になる
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A noun changes state/
condition |
くるま が きたなくなった
|
The car became dirty. |
(noun) は/ が(いadjective)
くなる
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Use 【にする/くする】 to
indicate action for making it some condition |
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Someone/thing makes (noun) changes the condition:: |
へや を きれい に する
|
I will clean the room |
(noun) を (なadjective
)にする |
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Someone/thing makes (noun) changes the condition: |
へやを すずしく する |
I cool the room |
(noun) を (いadjective
)くする |
