Thursday, May 13, 2021

たり and て and し

Te-form and Conjunctive Form

 

1.The te-form allows you to combine two verbs or more and express sequence of actions or states.      

タクシーに()って(えき)まで()った

First Action           Second Action

 

[I] bought a fish and made Sushi.

 

2. The te-form can also express parallel actions or states. If there are two topics or subjects 

 This function is also applicable for nouns and adjectives.

(わたし)日本語(にほんご)勉強(べんきょう)して(いもうと)英語(えいご)勉強(べんきょう)します

        Parallel Action    Parallel Action

I will study Japanese and my younger sister will study English.

妹はかわいくて、頭がいいです

My younger sister is pretty and smart.

彼女は女優で歌手だ

She is an actress and a singer.

 

Conjunctive Form (連用形れんようけい)

In order to make your speech more formal, you can replace the te-form with a form called “Conjunctive Form” or “Continuative Form. Conjugation is fortunately very simple. This is applicable for only verbs and i-adjectives.

(わたし)日本語(にほんご)勉強(べんきょう)(いもうと)英語(えいご)勉強(べんきょう)します

                  Verb stem          

I will study Japanese and my younger sister will study English.

タクシーに乗り(のり)(えき)まで行った(いった)

                 Verb stem          

[I] went to the station by taking a taxi.

(いもうと)かわいく(あたま)がいいです(drop )

My younger sister is pretty and smart.

 

…たり…たりする: Parallel Markers for Verbs and Adjectives

Meaning:dosuch things as A and B

This is the counterpart to the parallel marker which is for nouns. The function is to list multiple actions or states, but imply that there remains something unlisted.

 

How to use

Verb

Past Short form +

にちようびは べんきょうしたり えいがをみたりしました

 

I studied and watched a movie etc.,on Sunday

Noun

やみのひは すいようびだったり にちようびだったり です

 

Holidays are Wednesdays or Sundays ( or something else)

-Adjective

このまちは しずかだったり きれいだったり

This town is quiet and beautiful and so forth.

-Adj

 

にちようびは いそがしかったり ひまだったり

I'm busy or free on Sundays

                                       …し: Listing 2 more reasons                                                               

Meaning: and; and what’s more

(つか)れているし、(ねむ)いし (いえ)(かえ)りたい

Reason 1   reason 2  conclusion

 

[I] am tired, sleepy (and something else), so I want to go home.

 

 


Wednesday, May 5, 2021

はず(N4)

Meaning: 

はず;it must be; it should be (expectation).

はずがない: cannot be (impossible).

 

How to use

examples

Translation

Verb dictionary

+

のはずだ/

はずがない

(かれ)(いま)学校(がっこう)にいるはずだ

(かれ)(いま)学校(がっこう)にいるはずがない

 

 

He should be in school right now.

He can't be in school right now.

 

Noun+

銀行(ぎんこう)休み(やすみ)はずだ

銀行(ぎんこう)休み(やすみ)はずがない

surely the banks are closed.

Banks cannot be closed

adj +

(かれ)明日(あした)(ひま)はずです

(かれ)明日(あした)(ひま)はずがない

He should be free tomorrow

He can't be free tomorrow

adj

(かれ)大学(だいがく)卒業(そつぎょう)したので、賢い(かしこい)はずです

彼は大学(だいがく)卒業(そつぎょう)できなかったから、賢い(かしこい)はずがない

 

He graduated from college, so he should be smart

He cannot be smart because he couldn't graduate from college

 





















Exercises はずです

Genki2

Genki 2 workbook



はじめる(N4)

 Meaning: to start; to begin to~.

How to use

examples

Translation

Verb stem

+

はじめる

たべはじめる

to begin eating.

 

 

 

 

Exercises

Translate the following using はじめる

 

1.      It started to rain.

2.      My tooth started hurting this morning.

Answer

1.      (あめ)降り始めた(ふりはじめた)

2.      今朝(けさ)()痛く(いたく)なり始めた(なりはじめた)

 

 

は(N4)

 Meaning: [A] but [B]; however; comparison.

 

How to use

examples

Translation

Noun1+

~が

Noun2+

ひらがな書けます(かけます)漢字(かんじ)()けません。

I can write hiragana, but I cannot write kanji.

 

 

 

 

Exercises

Translate the following using は~が

 

1.      I like cats, but I don't really like dogs.

2.      She is beautiful but not very smart.

 

Answer

 

1.      (わたし)(ねこ)好き(すき)ですが(いぬ)はあまり好き(すき)じゃない。

2.    彼女(かのじょ)美人(びじん)だが(あたま)良く(よく)ない

 

のは~だ(N4)

Meaning:

1.    [A] is [B];

2.    the reason for [A] is [B].

 

How to use

examples

Translation

Verb short

+

のは+/です

毎日(まいにち)新しい(あたらしい)単語(たんご)覚える(おぼえる)のは大変(たいへん)

It is difficult to memorize new vocabulary every day.

Noun+

独身(どくしん)のは田中(たなか)さんだけです

the only one who is single is Tanaka.

adj +

(ひま)のは月曜日(げつようび)だけです

I'm free only on Mondays

adj

一番難しいのは漢字

the most difficult part is kanji.

 

 

 

 



Exercises

Translate the following using のは~だ

 

1.      The meeting starts at 10 o'clock.

2.      The reason I am working a part-time job is so I can save up money for traveling.

Answer

1.      会議(かいぎ)(はじ)まるのは10()です。

2.      (わたし)はアルバイトをしているのは旅行(りょこう)(きん)貯めたい(ためたい)からです。


のに(N4)

 Meaning:

1.      although, in spite of, even though~.

2.      to (do something); in order to~.

 

 

although, in spite of, even though~.

 

How to use

examples

Translation

Verb short

+

のに

約束(やくそく)をしたのに彼女(かのじょ)来ません(きません)でした。

Even though she promised, she didn't come..

Noun+

まだ20()のに、とても眠い(ねむい)

I'm really tired even though it's still only 8PM.

adj +

彼女(かのじょ)がきれいのに彼氏(かれし)がいません。

Although she is very beautiful, she doesn't have a boyfriend.

adj

この携帯(けいたい)高い(たかい)のに、すぐに壊れた(こわれた)

Even though this cell phone was really expensive, it broke right away.

 

 

 

to (do something); in order to~.

 

How to use

examples

Translation

Verb dictionary

+

のに

(いえ)(かえ)のに3時間(じかん)かかりました。

It took 3 hours to return home.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercises のに (although 

Genki2 

Genki2 workbook

 

Exercises のに (in order to

 Translate the following using のなかで

 

1.      I need it to study.

2.      I have trouble getting up in the morning.

3.      It will take time to translate that.

Answer

1.      勉強(べんきょう)するのに、それが必要(ひつよう)だ。

2.      (あさ)起きる(おきる)のに苦労(くろう)する。

3.    それを翻訳(ほんやく)するのに時間(じかん)がかかる


「なくて」VS「ないで」

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