ところ（N4-3-2）

 Meaning:

ところ

1.      Place　（e.x. きれいな所(ところ)/寒(さむ)い所(ところ)　etc.）

2.       just about to;

 

たところ

1.      Just did/finished doing,

2.      When doing X, it turned out to be Y/ found out Y

 

ているところ

1.      Meaning: in the process of

 

ところで

      1.           by the way~.

      2.          even if~.

 

ところが

1.      even so; however; even 

 

 

How to use			examples	Translation
just about to	Verb present  Short form	+ところ	今(いま)、出(で)かけるところです	I am just about to leave.
something almost happened			バック(ばっく)は盗(ぬす)まれるところだった	My bag was almost stolen.
Just did/finished doing	Verb past Short form		今(いま)、起(お)きたところです。	I just woke up
			アメリカ(あめりか)から日本(にほん)に戻(もど)ったところです。	I just returned to Japan from America.
When doing X, it turned out to be Y			在庫在庫(ざいこざいこ)を確認(かくにん)したところ、残(のこ)り2(２)個(こ)でした	When I checked the stock, there were only 2 left.
in the process of	VerbTe-from + いる (Helping verb)		今料理しているところです。	I am cooking now.
by the way~.	※At the beginning of the sentence	+ところで	ところで、今(いま)どこにいるの？	By the way, where are you now?
even if~.	Verb past Short form		何回(なんかい)、読(よ)んだところで、わからない	Even if I read it numerous times, I wouldn't be able to understand
even so; however; even	Expectation	+ところが +result	今日(きょう)は晴(は)れだと思(おも)っている。ところが、雨(あめ)だ	I thought today would be sunny. However, it is raining.

 

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Exercises

Translate the following usingたところ

 

1.      I just finished eating lunch.

2.      I was thinking of calling you.

3.      She is reading a magazine.

4.      When I contacted the store, the business hours were until 20:00

5.      When I quit smoking, I felt better.

6.      By the way, have you ever been to Osaka?

7.      Everyone thought he would win, but he easily lost.

 

 

Answer

 

1.      昼(ひる)ごはんを食(た)べたところです。

2.      あなたへ電話(でんわ)をかけようと思(おも)っていたところです。

3.      彼女(かのじょ)は雑誌(ざっし)を読(よ)んでいるところです。

4.      お店(みせ)に問(と)い合(あ)わせたところ、営業時間(えいぎょうじかん)は２０時(じ)まででした。

5.      たばこをやめたところ気分(きぶん)が良(よ)くなりました。

6.      ところで大阪(おおさか)に行(い)ったことある？

7.      みんなは彼(かれ)が勝(か)つと思(おも)っていた。ところが簡単(かんたん)に負(ま)けてしまった。

 

ことになる（Ｎ4）

 ことになるMeaning: It has been decided that..; it turns out that.

 

Meaning	How to use			Examples	English
1. It has been decided that	Verb Short form	+	ことになる	どうしてそれをまなぶことになったの？	How did you come to learn that?
2. it turns out that.				にゅうがくしきは４がつ１にちにおこなうことになりました。	The entrance ceremony will be held on April 1st.

 

 

Exercises

Translate using ことになるthe following　

 

1.      My mother has been hospitalized.

2.      My parents ended up deciding to get a divorce.

 

Answer

1.      わたしのははがにゅういんすることになった。

2.      りょうしんはりこんということになった。

なくてはいけない/ないといけない（N5)

 なくてはいけない　Meaning: must do; need to; gotta do.[A]

There are varieties for “must” sentences.

How to make	Substitutable combination		Degree of politeness
Take off い　from  Negative Short form ＋ e.x. Ru-verb たべない must eat U-verb かかない must write Irregular しない must do	きゃ いと くちゃ くては ければ	N/A だめ いけない ならない いけません なりません	In casual speech    In polite speech

なくてもいいMeaning: don’t have to; it’s OK to not do. 

How to make	examples	Translation
In verbs in negative Short form ＋ replace the い with　くてもいい（です）	たべなくてもいい（です）	You do not have to eat

Exercise(なければ/なきゃいけません）

Genki1

なくちゃいけません

Genki1 workbook

Exercise(なくてもいい）

Genki ２

Genki2 workbook

Passive/Causative form

1.Passive form

 The passive form is used to give the meaning of "being done" in English, so たべる (to eat) becomes たべられる (to be eaten)

 

(Affected person or thing)	（Actor）	Particle に marks the Actor: someone (or something) who carried that action	Action	Translation
わたしは	ともだち	に	くるま　をつかわれました	I had my car used by a friend of mine (and I am mad/sad about it)
わたしは	ともだち	に	パーティーにさそわれました	I was invited to a party by my friend.

 

How to Make Passive Form

Verb category	dictionary form	Passive	How to conjugate	Note
Ru-verb	みる (see)	みられる	Replace る with られる	Same rule as the Potential form  -rareru form
U-verb	いく i ku (go)	いかれる i ka reru	Replace  ない with -れる from ない　form
irregular	くる (come)	こられる	Replace first letter くwith こ　and replace る with られる	Same rule as the Potential form  -rareru form
	する (do)	される	Replace すwith され

Passive Exercises

Genki 2 workbook

Genki 2

2.Causative form

This form is usually used in the context of making somebody do something.

Someone who directs/allow what to do to someone.	A person who performs an action by someone's direction	Particle に marks the person who performs that action	Action	Translation
せんせいは	がくせい	に	たんご　を　おぼえさせました	The teacher made the students remember the words
おとうさんは	こどもたち	に	やさい　を　たべさせました	The father made his child eat vegetables

  

How to Make Causative Form

Verb category	dictionary form	Causative form	How to conjugate
Ru-verb	みる (see)	みさせる	Replace final る with させる
U-verb	いく i ku (go)	いかせる i ka seru	Replace  ない with せる from ない　form
irregular	くる (come)	こさせる	Replace first letter くwith こ　and replace る with させる
	する (do)	させる	Replace すwith させ

Causative Exercise 

Genki 2 work book

Genki 2 

When the causative form is used with 「あげる」「くれる」and「もらう」（Giving/Receiving), it almost always means to “let or allow someone (to)do”.

Someone who directs/allow what to do to someone.	A person who performs an action by someone's direction	Particle に marks the person who performs that action	Action	How to make	Translation
せんせいは	がくせい	に	にほんごを　はなさせてくれませんでした	Replace final letter of causative verb with て and add あげる/くれる/もらう	The teacher didn't let the students speak English
わたしは	こども	に	すきなところに　いかせてあげます		I will let my children go to the place they love

3.Causative passive form 

The sentences are used when you want to say that you are made to do (basically something you do not want to do.) 

Compare with causative form

Causative
Someone who directs/allow what to do to someone.	A person who performs an action by someone's direction	Particle に marks the person who performs that action	Action	Translation
おとうさんは	こども	に	やさい　を　たべさせました	The father made the child eat vegetables

You may notice the topic are switched between the 2.

Causative Passive
A person who performs an action by someone's direction	Someone who directs/allow what to do to someone.	Particle に marks the person deciding what is to be done	Action	Translation
こどもは	おとうさん	に	やさい　を　たべさせられました	The child made eat vegetables by dad

How to Make Causative Passive Form

Verb category	dictionary form	causative passive verbs	How to conjugate	Note
Ru-verb	みる (see)	みさせられる	Replace final る with させられる	just add "られ" between "させ" and "る" in causative form
U-verb	いく i ku (go)	いかされる i ka sareru	Replace  ない with される   in ない　form
irregular	くる (come)	こさせられる	Replace first letter くwith こ　and replace る with させられる	just add "られ" between "させ" and "る" in causative form
	する (do)	させられる	Replace すwith させ　and replace る with させられる	just add "られ" between "させ" and "る" in causative form

Causative Passive Exercise 

Genki 2 work book

Genki 2