To summarize the particles

Reference

To summarize:

1.　What determines how each part of a sentence relates to the verb:

2.Particle summary list

Particle	Function	Example	Translation	Interchangeable Particles
は	Topic	あした　は　あめ　です	As for tomorrow, it will rain.	can be replaced with ”が” See detail about  は VS が
	Contrast	にほん　は　あめ　じゃないです	As for Japan, it will not rain. Implies it rains somewhere.
も	Inclusion	アメリカ　も あめ　じゃないです	As for the US, it will not rain, too.
	Surprise	10じかん　も　あめ　でした	It rained (surprisingly) for 10 hours.
が	Subject of Predicate	あめ　が　つめたいです	Rain is cold.	can be replaced with ”は” See detail about  は VS が
	Object of Emotion	あめ　が　きらいです	Rain is the one that I dislike.	can be replaced with ”は” See detail about  は VS が
	Object of Potential	にほんご　が　はなせます	I can speak Japanese.	can be replaced with ”は” See detail about  は VS が
	New Information	あめ　が　ふっています	It is raining	can be replaced with ”は” See detail about  は VS が
	Identifier	だれ　が　きますか？	Who will come (transportation)?
を	Direct Object	ケーキ　を　たべる	[I will] eat cake.
	Location to Leave	いえ　を　でます	[I will] leave my house.	can be replaced with ”から”
	Location to Pass	はし　を　わたります	[I will] cross the bridge.
	Direction of Action	みぎ　を　むきます	[I will] turn right.
に	Location of Existence	いえ　に　います	[I] am in [my] house.
	Direction of Motion	きた　に　むかいます	[I will] head to the north.
	Destination	がっこう　に　いきます	[I will] go to school.	can be replaced with ”まで”
	Target (Indirect Object)	せんせい　に　あいます	[I will] meet [my] teacher.
	Source	おかね　を　ともだち　に かります	[I will] borrow money from [my] friend.	can be replaced with ”から”
	Specific Time	6じ　に　おきます	[I will] wake up at 6.
	Notion of Per	１っしゅうかん　に　 ５かい　はたらきます	I work 5 times a week
へ	Direction of Motion	みなみ　へ　むかいます	I will] head to the south.	can be replaced with ”に”
	Destination	アメリカ　へ　いきます	[I will] go to the US.
と	Partner of Interaction	かのじょ　と　けっこんします	[I will] get married to [my] girlfriend.
	Object of Similarity / Difference	ちち　と　にている	[I] resemble my father.
で	Location of Action	いえ　で　ねます	[I will] sleep in [my] house.
	Material	き　で　いえ　を　つくります	[I will] make a chair by [using] wood.	can be replaced with ”から”
	Means or method	タクシー　で　いきます	[I will] go by taxi.
	Reason (Causation)	びょうき　で　ねむい	[I] am sleepy due to sickness.
	Range (Period of Time)	1じかん　で　とうちゃくします	I'll arrive in an hour
	Amount	ひとり　で　はたらく	[I will] work alone.
	State	はだし　で　あるく	[I will] walk with bare feet.
から	Starting Point	とうきょう　から　しゅっぱつ　する	[I will] depart from Tokyo.	can be replaced with ”を”
	Source	はは　から　ききました	[I] heard [it] from my mother	can be replaced with ”に”
	Raw Material	ぶどう　から　ワイン　を　つくります	[I will] make wine from grapes	can be replaced with ”で”
	State Before Change	あか　から　あお　に　かわります	[It will] change from red to blue.
まで	Ending Point	よる　まで　はたらく	[I will] work until night.

は　VS　が

Basic usage

【は】is the topic right after【は】, and 【が】is the subject right before【が】

1.     彼(かれ)は学生(がくせい)です　（Student is topic）

2.     彼(かれ)が学生(がくせい)です　（He is subject）

3.     今日(きょう)は天気(てんき)がいい　（Topic is today, weather is subject）

　

More detail　　

1.     【が】has the nuance of telling new information to the listener.

Example:　きのう、私(わたし)の友達(ともだち)がうちに来ました(きました)　My friend came to me yesterday

 

2.     【が】is used Noun modification　これは私(わたし)が東京(とうきょう)で買った(かった)時計(とけい)です　This is the watch I bought in Tokyo

 

3.      は is Used for Contrast

 

【は】is sometime used to emphasize a specific one among other things.

 

For example, let's say you like only apples among fruits.

In this case, It's better to say that　リンゴは好き  rather than リンゴが好きですto emphasize you can only eat apples among the fruits.

が  VS  を

 

When words such as「好き」「きらい」「できる」「たい」「ほしい」,that express states such as likes and dislikes, ability and hope are used in the predicate, and 【を】can be replaced.

 

1.      わたしは彼(かれ)（が/を）好き　I like him

2.      わたしは犬(いぬ)が好き(すき)

※You can use 【が】to express  preference  for things and animals, and you can use 【が/を】 to express the feelings of likes and dislikes for people.

3.      わたしは英語(えいご)（が/を）読(よ)める　I can read English

4.      わたしはすし（が/を）食(た)べたい I want to eat sushi

5.      わたしは時間(じかん)（が/を）ほしい  I want time　※It is common to use【が】

 

When a state or adjective word becomes a predicate, and 【を】can be replaced. When a behavioral or verb-like word becomes a predicate, 【を】is selected.

For example, if you replace it with a word that strengthens the movement, such as 【ほしがる】, it is unnatural to replace it with 【が】

「だれでも，金(きん)メダルをほしがる」"Everyone wants a gold medal"