Japanese
can be roughly separated into three levels of politeness:
- casual
- polite (です/ます)
- honorific/humble
So far,
we have already gone over the polite forms using 「~です」 and 「~ます」.
You will
often hear this type of language in any customer/consumer type situations.
For now,
the first thing to remember is that the speaker always considers
himself/herself to be at the lowest level in the social hierarchy. So any actions performed by oneself are
in humble form while actions performed by anyone else seen from
the view of the speaker uses the honorific form.
The
difficult part of learning honorific and humble language is that there are a
number of words that have separate verbs for honorific and humble forms.
The general rules
Types |
Dictionary Form |
Conjugation |
Examples |
Translation |
Honorific (for others ‘action) お + Verb stem+ になる(になります) |
あう
|
おあいになる |
せんせいは せいと と おあいになりますか? |
Will the professor meet with the
student? |
きく |
おききになる |
にほんのうた を おききになりますか? |
Do you listen to Japanese songs? |
|
Humble 2 (for my actions to other) お + Verb stem+ する(します) |
あう
|
おあいする |
きのう せんせいに おあいしました |
I met my teacher yesterday |
きく |
おききする |
おなまえを おききしてもいいですか? |
May I ask you for your name |
|
Humble 2 (for my actions to other) ご+ verb noun + する |
れんらく する |
ごれんらくする
|
ごれんらくします
|
I will contact you
|
Exception (often used)
Dictionary form |
Honorific conjugation (others' action) |
ますconjugation |
Honorific Conjugation rule |
Humble 1 conjuation (My actions) |
ますconjugation |
Humble ますConjugation rule |
|
する |
なさる |
なさいます |
Replace る with います |
いたす I ta su |
いたします I ta si masu |
Replace -u with
-imasu
(The
same rule as u-verb) |
|
いく |
いらっしゃる |
いらっしゃいます |
まいる Go to a general
place that doesn't need to be respected |
まいります |
|||
くる |
|||||||
うかがうGo
to a place where a respectable person lives or works ※うかがう is also a humble word for 『ask/hear』 |
うかがいます |
||||||
いる |
おる |
おります |
|||||
くれる |
くださる |
くださいます |
くれる is type of verbs that the verb whose subject is never oneself |
||||
いう |
おっしゃる |
おっしゃいます |
もうす |
もうします |
|||
~ている |
て/でいらっしゃる |
て/でいらっしゃいます |
ておる |
ております |
|||
~です |
N/A |
N/A |
|
~でござる |
~でございます |
||
たべる |
めしあがる |
めしあがります |
Replace る with ります |
いただく |
いただきます |
||
のむ |
|||||||
ある |
おありになる |
おありになります |
ござる |
ございます |
|||
みる |
ごらんになる |
ごらんになります |
はいけんする |
はいけんします |
(The
same rule as irregular -verb する) |
In irregular
honorific verbs, You can replace 「ってください」with
「います」 /「ります」
E.X. いらっしゃってください。-
Please come to us.
Lastly, you should know, when you speak in business situation, that the Japanese honorific prefixes お or ご should be added to some nouns.
お should be attached to words which have a Japanese origin
ご should be attached to words which have a Chinese origin.
おみず
おちゃ
ごかぞく etc.
How to find訓読み(Japanese
origin Kanji)How to
find?
·
・1. Kanji that
makes sense just by that
·
・2. Reading that requires Okurigana such as 食べる 見る
·
・3.The
end is
other than
Summary
·
The same verbs used in the passive are used as
respectful
·
Honorific/respectful for Respectable person actions →お+verb stem +になる
·
Honorific/respectful request お+verb stem+ください
·
"Honorifics and humble words I" are
used for people who want to show respect.
·
"Polite (丁寧語)language" is different from honorific and
humble language I, and expresses consideration for the place where you
speak..Add "です", "ます", ございます" to the end of words, or add "お[ID1] "
and "ご"
to the beginning of words such as "おりょうり"
and "ごかぞく".
敬語(respect expression)
|
(Expression Types) |
Prefix / suffix/form |
Exapmples |
tlanslation |
When use? |
|
丁寧語 (polite)
|
丁寧語 (polite)
|
…です/でございます
※『ございますalso meansあるThere
is→humble 』 |
がくせいです/でございます |
I am student |
When considering the listener and the situation at
that time. |
|
…ます |
たべます |
I will eat |
||||
美化語(elegant )
|
お…
|
おさけ |
alcohol |
Expressions used for elegant and beautiful wording |
||
ご… |
ごはん |
Meal/rice |
||||
尊敬語(Honorific /respectful) |
Ru-V stem+られる U-VないForm
stem+れる する→される/くる→こられる |
せんせいが おしえられます たなかさん が かかれます なかむらさんは 7じに こられます |
The teacher teachs Mr.Tanaka will write Mr .Nakamura is coming |
The same Ru-verbs used in the passive. Polite level is lower than the honorifics below |
||
お+verb stem+なる |
にほんのうた をおききになりますか? |
Will the professor meet with the student? |
When the speaker is talking about a person who want
to show respect
※The difference from elegant Prefix お/ごis
that adjectives and nouns are things listener own or state of him. |
|||
お+verb stem+ください
|
おすわりください |
Please sit down. |
||||
Special |
E.X. あさごはん を めしあがりましたか? |
Have you eaten break fast? |
||||
お… |
おいそがしいですか? |
Are you busy? |
||||
ご… |
ごきょうだい は いますか? |
Do you have brothers? |
||||
謙譲語(humble) |
お+verb stem+する
|
おなまえを おききしてもいいですか? |
May I ask you for your name |
When you want to show respect to the other person by
humbly talking about your actions |
||
ご+(するVerbs) +する |
きょうの よてい を ごせつめいします。 |
I will explain today’s schedule |
||||
Special |
E.X.あさごはんを いただきました |
I ate breakfast |
Exercises
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