Friday, November 13, 2020

Honorific/Humble


Japanese can be roughly separated into three levels of politeness:

  • casual 
  • polite (です/ます)
  • honorific/humble

So far, we have already gone over the polite forms using 「~です」 and 「~ます」.

You will often hear this type of language in any customer/consumer type situations.

For now, the first thing to remember is that the speaker always considers himself/herself to be at the lowest level in the social hierarchy.  So any actions performed by oneself are in humble form while actions performed by anyone else seen from the view of the speaker uses the honorific form.

 

The difficult part of learning honorific and humble language is that there are a number of words that have separate verbs for honorific and humble forms.

 

The general rules 

Types

Dictionary

Form

Conjugation

Examples

Translation

Honorific

(for others ‘action)

+ Verb stem+ になる(になります)

あう

 

あいになる

せんせいは せいと

と あいになりますか? 

Will the professor meet with the student?

きく

ききになる

にほんのうた を

ききになりますか?

Do you listen to Japanese songs?

Humble 2

(for my actions to other)

+ Verb stem+ する(します)

あう

 

あいする

きのう せんせいに

あいしました

I met my teacher yesterday

きく

ききする

おなまえを ききてもいいですか?

May I ask you for your name

Humble 2

(for my actions to other)

+ verb noun + する

れんらく する

れんらくする

 

れんらくします

 

I will contact you

 

 

Exception (often used) 


Dictionary

form

Honorific

conjugation

(others' action)

ますconjugation

Honorific

Conjugation rule

Humble 1

conjuation

(My actions)

ますconjugation

Humble

ますConjugation rule

する

なさ

なさいます

Replace  with います

いた

I ta su

いたします

I ta si masu

Replace -u with -imasu

 

The same rule as u-verb

いく

いらっしゃ

いらっしゃいます

まい

Go to a general place that doesn't need to be respected

まいります

くる

うかがGo to a place where a respectable person lives or works

うかがう is also a humble word for ask/hear

うかがいます

いる

ります

くれる

くださ

くださいます

くれる is type of verbs that the verb whose subject is never oneself

いう

おっしゃ

おっしゃいます

もう

もうします

~ている

/でいらっしゃ

/でいらっしゃいます

てお

ております

~です

N/A

N/A

 

~でござ

~でございます

たべる

めしあが

めしあがります

Replace  with ります

いただ

 

いただきます

のむ

ある

 

おありにな

おありになります

ござ

ございます

みる

ごらんにな

ごらんになります

はいけんする

はいけんします

The same rule as irregular -verb する)

 E.X. すこし、 まち ください- Please wait a moment.You can also use ください with a honorific verb by replacing 「になる」 with 「ください」in regular honorific verbs (+ Verb steam +になる). This is useful for when you want to ask somebody to do something but still use.Using「ください」 with honorifics

 

In irregular honorific verbs, You can replace ってくださいwith 「います」 /「ります」
E.X. いらっしゃってください- Please come to us.

 ※Please note that in the verb 【くれる】you cannot add 【ってください】,so you can say 【ください】instead of 【くださってください】

 

 

Lastly, you should know, when you speak in business situation, that the Japanese honorific prefixes or should be added to some nouns. 

 

should be attached to words which have a Japanese origin

should be attached to words which have a Chinese origin.

 

みず 

ちゃ

かぞく etc.


How to find訓読み(Japanese origin KanjiHow to find

·        1. Kanji that makes sense just by that

·        2. Reading that requires Okurigana such as 食べる 見

·        3.The end is other than「ウンチクキツイ」

Summary

·        The same verbs used in the passive are used as respectful

·        Honorific/respectful for Respectable person actions  +verb stem +になる

·        Honorific/respectful  request +verb stem+ください 

·        "Honorifics and humble words I" are used for people who want to show respect.

·        "Polite (丁寧語)language" is different from honorific and humble language I, and expresses consideration for the place where you speak..Add "です", "ます", ございます" to the end of words, or add "[ID1] " and "" to the beginning of words such as "おりょうり" and "ごかぞく".


敬語(respect expression)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Expression

Types

Prefix / suffix/form

Exapmples

tlanslation

When use?

丁寧語

(polite)

 

 

丁寧語

(polite)

 

です/でございます

 

※『ございますalso meansあるThere ishumble

がくせいです/でございます

I am student

When considering the listener and the situation at that time.

ます

たべます

I will eat

美化語(elegant )

 

 

さけ

alcohol

Expressions used for elegant and beautiful wording

はん

Meal/rice

尊敬語(Honorific

/respectful

Ru-V stem+られる

U-VないForm stem+れる

する→される/くる→こられる

せんせいが おしえられます

たなかさん が かかれます

なかむらさんは 7じに こられます

The teacher teachs Mr.Tanaka will write

Mr .Nakamura is coming

The same Ru-verbs used in the passive.

Polite level is lower than the honorifics below

+verb stem+なる

にほんのうた をききになりますか?

Will the professor meet with the student?

When the speaker is talking about a person who want to show respect

 

The difference from elegant Prefix /is that adjectives and nouns are things listener own or state of him.

+verb stem+ください

 

すわりください

Please sit down.

Special

E.X. あさごはん を めしあがりましたか?

Have you eaten break fast

いそがしいですか?

Are you busy

きょうだい は いますか?

Do you have brothers

謙譲語(humble)

+verb stem+する

 

 

 

おなまえを ききしてもいいですか?

May I ask you for your name

When you want to show respect to the other person by humbly talking about your actions

+(するVerbs +する

きょうの よてい を せつめいします

I will explain today’s schedule

Special

E.X.あさごはんを いただきました

I ate breakfast

 

Exercises 

Genki 2Honorific 

Genki 2Humble

Genki 2work book Honorific 

Genki 2work book Humble


 

 

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